{"id":6764,"date":"2019-12-25T09:00:30","date_gmt":"2019-12-25T14:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/salonsyria.com\/?p=6764"},"modified":"2020-07-20T01:19:27","modified_gmt":"2020-07-20T05:19:27","slug":"towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/en\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/","title":{"rendered":"Towns vs. People: Insights from a Qualitative WhatsApp Survey in Lebanon"},"content":{"rendered":"

[This article is drawn from a paper presented by the author at the Vulnerability, Infrastructure, and Displacement Symposium<\/a>\u00a0held at University College London on 12-13 June 2019,\u00a0as part of the panel on “Methodological Approaches.” Click\u00a0here<\/a>,\u00a0here<\/a>,\u00a0and\u00a0here<\/a>\u00a0for articles based on other papers presented at the panel.]<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cYou are asking about the needs of the towns, but the towns do not need anything. The Syrian refugee is the one who is in need. Enough with the stealing,\u201d a Syrian refugee indignantly told us in a WhatsApp voice message. His message was a response to\u00a0two qualitative WhatsApp surveys<\/a>\u00a0of Syrian refugees and host communities that I conducted with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in two towns, Bar Elias and Qaraoun, in Lebanon\u2019s Bekaa region in 2017 and 2018.[1] The idea of doing a qualitative WhatsApp survey in Lebanon grew out of my frustration with the lack of in-depth, bottom-up approaches to research and programming on refugees. Practitioners in the field often dismiss qualitative research as too time-consuming, slow, and small-scale to produce useful knowledge. WhatsApp, on the other hand, has the potential to\u00a0significantly scale up qualitative research<\/a>\u00a0for two reasons. First, WhatsApp is the most popular messaging app globally<\/a>, including among refugees. In Lebanon,\u00a0seventy-eight percent of refugee households use WhatsApp.<\/a>\u00a0Second, WhatsApp has a voice message function, which facilitates a more informal, ongoing form of communication. We sent survey questions as voice messages and more than a thousand people responded, sharing their perspectives on their needs, safety, social relationships, humanitarian assistance, and development. In this piece, I will zoom in on different imaginaries of the city produced in Lebanese and Syrian WhatsApp messages, and how they express different ideas of belonging and Otherness.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat is the city but the people?\u201d Sicinius exclaimed in Shakespeare\u2019s\u00a0Coriolanus<\/em>. Ostensibly a rhetorical question, those who inhabit cities often experience and imagine them very differently. Cities can be more inclusive than states, particularly for those excluded from citizenship. After Carola Rackete\u2014the captain of a Sea-Watch ship carrying forty migrants\u2014 entered Italian waters without the state\u2019s permission in June 2019, she observed, \u201cdozens of cities were willing to host these people, and\u2026 they should be free to do so without national governments hindering them<\/a>.\u201d Cities can offer freedom to those in need. In some regions of medieval Europe, a lord could no longer reclaim a serf who had fled and found refuge in a city after a year and a day. The serf now belonged to the city. The German saying \u201cStadtluft macht frei\u201d (\u201curban air makes you free\u201d) encapsulates this legal principle. Cities can also anchor dislocated identities. A Palestinian refugee living in Beirut told me, \u201ccities are stronger than nationalities, not only in Lebanon but across the region. Tripoli is older than Lebanon, Talkalakh is older than Syria, Mosul is older than Iraq. Because you are lacking your Palestinian identity and it is becoming more of a nostalgia, you become associated with your ancestors\u2019 city and your city in Lebanon. For example, I love Beirut . . . I know Beirut better than most Beirutis.\u201d<\/p>\n

Yet, cities also swallow up people, pit them against each other, and estrange and segregate them.\u00a0Our survey suggests<\/a>\u00a0that mid-sized towns such as Bar Elias can be particularly divisive as they lack both the cohesion and familiarity of small villages, and the habitual anonymity characteristic of big cities. Conventional wisdom holds that Sunni-majority towns such as Bar Elias are places of\u00a0karam<\/em>\u00a0(\u201cwelcoming the stranger\u201d) for Syrian (Sunni) refugees. However, the WhatsApp messages reveal that it is often in spaces of ostensible affinity that the \u201cneed\u201d to construct differences between people is particularly pronounced.<\/p>\n

\u201cTaking Over Our Towns\u201d: The Bazaar and the Syrian Other<\/h3>\n

In Lebanese messages, the idea that Syrians are taking over urban spaces featured prominently. When we asked about the needs of Bar Elias, one WhatsApp respondent hissed: \u201cChange the frontage of the town from Bar Elias to \u2018Welcome to Damascus.\u2019\u201d This reproduces a prominent media narrative in Lebanon that portrays Syrian refugees as enacting a second occupation (the first ending after the Syrian army left Lebanon in 2005). One WhatsApp respondent reflected, \u201cI think that the situation has deteriorated since last year till today, because the Syrians have taken all the space. They are selling their goods at the sidewalks, so they do not leave any space for the Lebanese to walk.\u201d One Lebanese respondent explained, \u201cIn my opinion, which is considered racist, I hope all Syrians and foreigners will be gathered in one place, wherein they will not mingle a lot with the people of the town, so when we enter Bar Elias, we will not feel that we have entered Al-Hamidiyah market. We want to enter our village and see our people, and not see someone fighting or arguing with someone else. We do not know all those people\u2026I hope my opinion will not be considered racist.\u201d The reference to Al-Hamidiyah market is curious\u2014it is the central souk in Damascus. In fact, Lebanese respondents used the image of the bazaar or the market more broadly as a cultural marker for ostensibly less \u201cmodern,\u201d less \u201ccivilized\u201d lives: \u201cWe do not have the same culture. Do you know that? We used to think we are the same but we are not. The Syrians who came to Bar Elias are the \u201ctent Syrians\u201d even in Syria, not the \u201capartment Syrians.\u201d Not because they are poor, but because of their cultural level\u2026 I will give you an example. The Syrians, when they rent shops, they display the goods outside. In Lebanon, we do not do that. They put the clothes, shoes outside . . . it is like a bazaar all the time.\u201d In this imagery, the respondent orientalises Syrians as different, backward people, and contrasts the bazaar unfavourably to \u201cmodern\u201d Lebanese trade and conventions, which take place outside of public space\u2014in private shops or on the global financial market.<\/p>\n

\u201cNot My Town\u201d: Urban Space and Belonging<\/h3>\n

The mental geographies of Syrian refugees work very differently from the Lebanese respondents. We conceived our survey questions within a development framework that presumes that urban investments benefit all inhabitants. For example, we asked, \u201cWhat are the needs of your town?\u201d While Lebanese respondents listed broader infrastructural needs of the town, Syrians talked instead about their personal needs, and the needs of their household or their settlement. Part of the reason for this is that Syrian refugees do not conceptualize themselves as being part of the town. As one Syrian respondent told us, \u201cFirst, you are asking me about the needs of this town, but I am not from this town. I am only a Syrian refugee, but the Syrian refugee has nothing to do with the Lebanese affairs. I even do not know what to say about the way he is being treated. Just watch the news and you will know how he is being treated.\u201d Another Syrian respondent pointed out, \u201cwe live in a camp, so we do not know what the needs of the town are.\u201d More than forty percent of Syrian refugees<\/a>\u00a0in the Bekaa region live in informal settlements. Settlements create de facto segregated spaces, not least because the majority of Syrian refugees lack legal residency, and thus risk arrest or harassment when they move outside the settlement.\u00a0Municipal curfews<\/a>\u00a0on Syrian refugees often add a temporal restriction to their movement: they cannot leave their settlements after dark. This means that if public services or infrastructure are not available in the settlement, they effectively do not exist for many refugees. Asked about a solar lighting project on a public promenade\u00a0in Qaraoun<\/a>, one respondent told us: \u201cYou gave money to the municipality, but they spent it on establishing parks and good views for themselves. However, the Syrian is not allowed to go there. If he takes his family, they get annoyed, and if he parks his car they get annoyed\u2014so they speak to him harshly and make him leave the place. You have done something for the Lebanese at the expense of the Syrians, and whomever is in need, you do not even give him a look.\u201d Thus, diametrically opposed images of the city emerged: while some Lebanese feel that Syrians are taking over their towns, Syrians barely feel they are part of the town. The \u201cneeds\u201d of the town have little to do with Syrians.<\/p>\n

The Taste of Cement<\/h3>\n

The city is not the people. Houses are often built, not for people, but as profitable investments. Meanwhile, houses\u2014in which people actually live\u2014are being destroyed. In July 2019,\u00a0a demolition order<\/a> by the Lebanese government forced thousands of Syrian refugees in the border town of Arsal to reduce their own homes to rubble. They had to dismantle any cement. In the documentary film, the \u201cTaste of Cement,\u201d Ziad Kalthoum shows how Syrian lives center around cement: Syrian construction workers build high-rises in Beirut while war pulverizes their houses in Syria. Sand, gravel, and water coalesce, harden, become concrete, crumble, and dissolve. Now the Syrians have to destroy their houses in Lebanon. The taste of cement is everywhere.<\/p>\n

\n

_______________________<\/p>\n

[1] This article draws on two UNDP research reports that I authored as an independent consultant: Leila Ullrich, \u201cBelow the Surface: Results of a WhatsApp Survey of Syrian Refugees and Host Communities in Lebanon,\u201d\u00a0<\/a>\u00a0UNDP Research Report, January 2019; and\u00a0\u201cSpeak Up Via WhatsApp: Understanding the Life Worlds of Syrian refugees and host communities in Lebanon,\u201d<\/a>\u00a0UNDP Research Report, April 2018. For more information on how to do qualitative WhatsApp surveying, see our UNDP\u00a0WhatsApp Surveying Guide<\/a>.<\/p>\n

[This article was originally published by Jadaliyya<\/a> on 23 December, 2019.]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[This article is drawn from a paper presented by the author at the Vulnerability, Infrastructure, and Displacement Symposium\u00a0held at University College London on 12-13 June 2019,\u00a0as part of the panel on “Methodological Approaches.” Click\u00a0here,\u00a0here,\u00a0and\u00a0here\u00a0for articles based on other papers presented at the panel.] \u201cYou are asking about the needs of the towns, but the towns […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":236,"featured_media":6766,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[148,21],"class_list":["post-6764","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-1","tag-displacement","tag-syria"],"yoast_head":"\nTowns vs. People: Insights from a Qualitative WhatsApp Survey in Lebanon - Salon Syria<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Towns vs. People: Insights from a Qualitative WhatsApp Survey in Lebanon - Salon Syria\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[This article is drawn from a paper presented by the author at the Vulnerability, Infrastructure, and Displacement Symposium\u00a0held at University College London on 12-13 June 2019,\u00a0as part of the panel on “Methodological Approaches.” Click\u00a0here,\u00a0here,\u00a0and\u00a0here\u00a0for articles based on other papers presented at the panel.] \u201cYou are asking about the needs of the towns, but the towns […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Salon Syria\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/salonsyria\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-12-25T14:00:30+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-07-20T05:19:27+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.salonsyria.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/191222085510709_Bar-Elias-ITS.jpg?fit=511%2C383&ssl=1\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"511\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"383\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Leila Ullrich\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@salonsyria\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@salonsyria\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Leila Ullrich\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Leila Ullrich\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/#\/schema\/person\/f370169e59966153160409aa1acf4ad6\"},\"headline\":\"Towns vs. People: Insights from a Qualitative WhatsApp Survey in Lebanon\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-12-25T14:00:30+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-07-20T05:19:27+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/\"},\"wordCount\":1611,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.salonsyria.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/191222085510709_Bar-Elias-ITS.jpg?fit=511%2C383&ssl=1\",\"keywords\":[\"Displacement\",\"syria\"],\"articleSection\":[\"\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/\",\"name\":\"Towns vs. People: Insights from a Qualitative WhatsApp Survey in Lebanon - Salon Syria\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.salonsyria.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/191222085510709_Bar-Elias-ITS.jpg?fit=511%2C383&ssl=1\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-12-25T14:00:30+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-07-20T05:19:27+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/#\/schema\/person\/f370169e59966153160409aa1acf4ad6\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.salonsyria.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/191222085510709_Bar-Elias-ITS.jpg?fit=511%2C383&ssl=1\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.salonsyria.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/191222085510709_Bar-Elias-ITS.jpg?fit=511%2C383&ssl=1\",\"width\":511,\"height\":383,\"caption\":\"A picture of Bar Elias. Image provided by author.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/en\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Towns vs. People: Insights from a Qualitative WhatsApp Survey in Lebanon\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/\",\"name\":\"Salon Syria\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/#\/schema\/person\/f370169e59966153160409aa1acf4ad6\",\"name\":\"Leila Ullrich\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/3a417da6e593601bc43fd5c97a36e0f29d51195b6d4cc65dbf30df455de011d6?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/3a417da6e593601bc43fd5c97a36e0f29d51195b6d4cc65dbf30df455de011d6?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Leila Ullrich\"},\"description\":\"Leila Ullrich is a Lecturer in Law and British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow at Queen Mary University of London, and a Research Associate at the University of Oxford. Her current research examines the interplay between terrorism, counter-terrorism, and gender through a comparative case study of the United Kingdom, Kenya, and Lebanon. In 2017, she received her PhD in Criminology at the Faculty of Law, University of Oxford which explored concepts of \u201cjustice for victims\u201d and \u201cgender justice\u201d at the International Criminal Court. Before starting her postdoctoral research, Leila worked as social stability analyst at UNDP in Lebanon. In this capacity she conceptualized, secured funding for and managed an Innovation Project \u201cSpeak your Mind to Prevent Conflict in Lebanon,\u201d a WhatsApp-based survey of Syrian refugees and Lebanese host communities to better understand local conflict dynamics and needs. She continues to advise UNDP on the implementation of WhatsApp surveys.\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/en\/author\/leila-ullrich\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Towns vs. People: Insights from a Qualitative WhatsApp Survey in Lebanon - Salon Syria","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Towns vs. People: Insights from a Qualitative WhatsApp Survey in Lebanon - Salon Syria","og_description":"[This article is drawn from a paper presented by the author at the Vulnerability, Infrastructure, and Displacement Symposium\u00a0held at University College London on 12-13 June 2019,\u00a0as part of the panel on “Methodological Approaches.” Click\u00a0here,\u00a0here,\u00a0and\u00a0here\u00a0for articles based on other papers presented at the panel.] \u201cYou are asking about the needs of the towns, but the towns […]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/","og_site_name":"Salon Syria","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/salonsyria\/","article_published_time":"2019-12-25T14:00:30+00:00","article_modified_time":"2020-07-20T05:19:27+00:00","og_image":[{"width":511,"height":383,"url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.salonsyria.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/191222085510709_Bar-Elias-ITS.jpg?fit=511%2C383&ssl=1","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Leila Ullrich","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@salonsyria","twitter_site":"@salonsyria","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Leila Ullrich","Est. reading time":"8 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/"},"author":{"name":"Leila Ullrich","@id":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/#\/schema\/person\/f370169e59966153160409aa1acf4ad6"},"headline":"Towns vs. People: Insights from a Qualitative WhatsApp Survey in Lebanon","datePublished":"2019-12-25T14:00:30+00:00","dateModified":"2020-07-20T05:19:27+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/"},"wordCount":1611,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.salonsyria.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/191222085510709_Bar-Elias-ITS.jpg?fit=511%2C383&ssl=1","keywords":["Displacement","syria"],"articleSection":["\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/","url":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/","name":"Towns vs. People: Insights from a Qualitative WhatsApp Survey in Lebanon - Salon Syria","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.salonsyria.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/191222085510709_Bar-Elias-ITS.jpg?fit=511%2C383&ssl=1","datePublished":"2019-12-25T14:00:30+00:00","dateModified":"2020-07-20T05:19:27+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/#\/schema\/person\/f370169e59966153160409aa1acf4ad6"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.salonsyria.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/191222085510709_Bar-Elias-ITS.jpg?fit=511%2C383&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.salonsyria.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/191222085510709_Bar-Elias-ITS.jpg?fit=511%2C383&ssl=1","width":511,"height":383,"caption":"A picture of Bar Elias. Image provided by author."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/towns-vs-people-insights-from-a-qualitative-whatsapp-survey-in-lebanon\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629","item":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Towns vs. People: Insights from a Qualitative WhatsApp Survey in Lebanon"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/","name":"Salon Syria","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/#\/schema\/person\/f370169e59966153160409aa1acf4ad6","name":"Leila Ullrich","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/3a417da6e593601bc43fd5c97a36e0f29d51195b6d4cc65dbf30df455de011d6?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/3a417da6e593601bc43fd5c97a36e0f29d51195b6d4cc65dbf30df455de011d6?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Leila Ullrich"},"description":"Leila Ullrich is a Lecturer in Law and British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow at Queen Mary University of London, and a Research Associate at the University of Oxford. Her current research examines the interplay between terrorism, counter-terrorism, and gender through a comparative case study of the United Kingdom, Kenya, and Lebanon. In 2017, she received her PhD in Criminology at the Faculty of Law, University of Oxford which explored concepts of \u201cjustice for victims\u201d and \u201cgender justice\u201d at the International Criminal Court. Before starting her postdoctoral research, Leila worked as social stability analyst at UNDP in Lebanon. In this capacity she conceptualized, secured funding for and managed an Innovation Project \u201cSpeak your Mind to Prevent Conflict in Lebanon,\u201d a WhatsApp-based survey of Syrian refugees and Lebanese host communities to better understand local conflict dynamics and needs. She continues to advise UNDP on the implementation of WhatsApp surveys.","url":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/en\/author\/leila-ullrich\/"}]}},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.salonsyria.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/191222085510709_Bar-Elias-ITS.jpg?fit=511%2C383&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6764","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/236"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6764"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6764\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6972,"href":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6764\/revisions\/6972"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6766"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6764"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6764"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.salonsyria.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6764"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}